Ancient Sites & Metrology
Latitude, Longitude and Design Between the Great Pyramid & Stonehenge
Summarizes the proposed ACST relationships among latitude, longitude, monument design, and solstitial observations at Giza and Stonehenge.
View paperCarl Balowski
Articles
Research and essays on ancient sites, measurement, art, theology, and more.
51 articles
Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Architecture of Existence
Interprets circle-and-square symbolism as a connection among Heliopolitan creation theology, architecture, mathematics, and moral order.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
From the Meter to the Royal Cubit & Yard
Investigates geometric constructions relating the meter to the Royal Cubit and yard, while considering uncertainty about historical transmission.
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Renaissance History
The Roman Ghost
Reexamines the conflicting Francesco and Bartolomeo names for Archbishop Salviati in Florentine and Roman accounts of the Pazzi conspiracy.
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Renaissance History
War, Peace and Preservation
Examines Comacchio’s eel and salt economy in the War of Ferrara and its connections to Italian politics, diplomacy, and provisioning.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
Dimensional Parity: A Unique Geometric Identity in the Silver Ratio Rectangle
Presents an algebraic analysis of the relationship between the diagonal and perimeter of a silver-ratio rectangle with unit short side.
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Philosophy & Knowledge
The Architecture of an Epistemic Republic
Proposes a human–machine framework for accountable knowledge, combining evidence assessment, expert review, and civic governance.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
Valeriana Graeca in Leonardo’s Virgin of the Rocks
Examines Valeriana graeca as botanical and verbal symbolism within the Florentine political and theological reading of Virgin of the Rocks.
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Religion & Theology
The Antidote to Heresy
Presents analysis and translation of Bandello’s treatise in the context of the Dominican–Franciscan Immaculate Conception controversy.
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Health & Medicine
Vitamin D Sufficiency as a Multi-Disease Preventive Strategy: Clinical Evidence, Economic Impact, and the Potential for Structural Disincentive in Modern Medicine
Reviews vitamin D research and develops the author’s argument about disease prevention, economic effects, and incentives in medical practice.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
Leonardo da Vinci’s Virgin of the Rocks, Part 1 (Expanded)
Develops an interpretation of Virgin of the Rocks through narrative convergence, anthropomorphism, and Dominican prenatal sanctification doctrine.
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Religion & Theology
Analysis of Topics and Iconography related to the Immaculate Conception Controversy Prior to Leonardo’s Virgin of the Rocks.
Surveys theological disputes and Marian imagery relevant to the Immaculate Conception controversy before Virgin of the Rocks.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
Narrative Convergence in Lippi’s Adoration in the Forest
Reads Lippi’s altarpiece as a convergence of Adoration and Baptism narratives and considers its relationship to Leonardo’s imagery.
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Religion & Theology
Narrative Convergence in the Encounters of Jesus and John
Surveys apocryphal and hagiographical accounts of Jesus and John as potential background for Virgin of the Rocks.
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Religion & Theology
The Apocalypsis Nova and Leonardo
Evaluates the dating, authorship, and proposed influence of the Apocalypsis Nova on Leonardo’s Virgin of the Rocks.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
Civic Power and Sacred Identity in Quattrocento Florence
Traces civic and sacred imagery from Fra Angelico and Lippi to the Medici Magi Chapel and Leonardo’s Virgin of the Rocks.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
Medici - Orsini Symbolism and the Rise of Leo X
Examines Medici and Orsini imagery in the dynastic and ecclesiastical setting of Giovanni de’ Medici’s rise to Pope Leo X.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
The Annunciations of Leonardo and Lippi in the Light of Medici Iconography
Compares Medici dynastic symbolism and patronage in the Annunciations of Filippo Lippi and Leonardo.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
The Medici’s Magi Chapel in Florence
Interprets the Magi Chapel’s frescoes and symbols as an expression of Medici dynastic, civic, and religious identity.
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Renaissance History
The She-Wolf of Rome
Traces the she-wolf’s civic symbolism from Rome’s foundation myths to its revival under Pope Sixtus IV.
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Religion & Theology
Finding the King
Examines lupino, fava, birthright, and dynastic legitimacy in the Epiphany King of the Bean tradition.
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Religion & Theology
The Sword of Gideon and Finger of Thomas in the House of St. James
Examines Thomas Aquinas’s liturgical and visual identity through Gideon, Thomas the Apostle, and the Dominican association with St. James.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Geometrical Trifecta
Analyzes a scaled √5 right triangle and a proposed relationship between its geometry and the King’s Chamber dimensions.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Nippur Rod and Egyptian Royal Cubit
Analyzes the Nippur Rod’s divisions through the Royal Cubit, Euclidean proportions, and the Golden Ratio.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The ACST and the Giza Grid
Reexamines Giza Pyramid Mapping Project coordinates for ACST circle-and-square relationships between Khufu and Khafre.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The ACST Cubit
Explores how the Approximated Circle-Square Template relates the Royal Cubit, Remen, and practical approximations of geometric constants.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Ancient Measure of the Earth
Presents a hypothesis connecting Earth measurement, the silver ratio, the Royal Cubit, and megalithic units.
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Religion & Theology
The Bible, the Odyssey and the Great Pyramid
Uses the Bible and Odyssey to demonstrate how selective interpretation can map familiar narrative structures onto the Great Pyramid.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Great Pyramid of Stonehenge
Develops the ACST interpretation of megalithic design, monument orientation, and astronomical observation at Giza and Stonehenge.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Great Pyramid’s Design at Stonehenge
Revises a comparative overview of Great Pyramid and Stonehenge dimensions, including megalithic yards and area measurements.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Metrological Relief
Compares the Ashmolean metrological relief’s measurements with ancient units and the Great Pyramid as a proposed benchmark.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
Stonehenge and the supposed 5 : 12 : 13 ‘Lunation Triangle’
Tests the proposed Stonehenge–Lundy–Preseli lunation triangle against geographical measurements and survey evidence.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Aubrey Circle at Stonehenge
Examines measurement differences and the importance of identifying the survey evidence used in Aubrey Circle interpretations.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Circle-Square Template and the King’s Chamber Complex
Extends the circle-square template analysis to the King’s Chamber passageway and antechamber as an addendum to Cosmology Part 2.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Cosmology of the Great Pyramid Part 2: Exterior and Interior Design
Studies geometric relationships connecting the Great Pyramid’s exterior with the King’s Chamber, coffer, and internal axes.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Great Pyramid’s Circle / Square Template at Stonehenge
Provides a diagrammatic summary of the proposed circle-square relationship between the Great Pyramid and Stonehenge’s Station Stones.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
Botticelli in the Sistine Chapel PART 1: THE HERMETIC CONTEXT
Interprets Hermetic symbolism and the Arch of Constantine in Botticelli’s Sistine Chapel fresco of the punishment of Korah.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Cosmology of the Great Pyramid PART 1: APPROXIMATIONS OF √2 AND PI
Explores practical approximations of √2 and pi in the Great Pyramid’s design and their proposed Egyptian cosmological meanings.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
Euclidean Metrology and the Egyptian Duat
Explores the dodecahedron, Egyptian Duat symbolism, and a proposed connection between ancient cosmology and large-scale measurement.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Great Pyramid of Heliopolis
Examines a proposed Osirian calendric unit and a scaled geometrical connection between Khufu’s pyramid and Heliopolis.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Megalithic Yard and the Circumference of the Earth
Extends the Giza–Stonehenge latitude hypothesis to Earth’s circumference and the proposed origin of the Megalithic Yard.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Meter and the Royal Cubit in Ancient Egypt
Explores a proposed geometric relationship between the meter and Royal Cubit in the context of large-scale measurement and pi.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Octahedron and Euclid 13:14
Uses an octahedron diagram to illustrate the square-root relationships associated with Euclid, Book XIII, Proposition 14.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
Venus’ Synodic Cycle in Ancient Egypt
Explores proposed connections among Venus’s cycle, Heliopolitan creation imagery, and the Great Pyramid’s geometry.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
A New Canon of ‘Divine Proportion’ in Leonardo da Vinci’s ‘Last Supper’
Reassesses the musical-proportion interpretation of The Last Supper and proposes a geometric reading informed by Pacioli’s Divine Proportion.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
Analysis of Leonardo’s Braccio at Santa Maria delle Grazie
Examines Leonardo’s braccio measurement and proposed architectural and patronage connections between Florence and Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
Leonardo and √2
Reconstructs one of Leonardo’s Codex Atlanticus diagrams to examine his use of square diagonals and square-root relationships.
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Renaissance Art & Architecture
Leonardo and the Delian Problem
Translates and analyzes Leonardo’s cube-duplication constructions and presents a proposed alternative geometric approximation.
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Religion & Theology
Mary as Mother Church & Bride in Medieval Texts
Examines Mary as mother, bride, and image of the Church in patristic writings and medieval theology.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
THE GIZA GRID
Introduces an 81-point Giza grid for investigating geometric relationships, Heliopolitan cosmology, and solar alignments.
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Ancient Sites & Metrology
The Giza Stonehenge Connection
Investigates proposed geometric, metrological, and astronomical connections between Giza and Stonehenge.
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